Mammogram

A mammogram is the image itself — the X-ray film or digital file that captures the internal structure of your breast. During the exam, each breast is compressed between two plates to spread the tissue out and reduce the radiation dose needed to create a clear picture. The result is a detailed image that a radiologist examines for masses, distortions, or tiny calcium deposits that might signal an early cancer.

There are two main types of mammograms: screening mammograms, which are routine exams for women without symptoms, and diagnostic mammograms, which take additional or more targeted images when a concern has already been identified. A newer technology called 3D mammography (tomosynthesis) creates a series of thin-slice images that can be viewed layer by layer, which can reduce the number of callbacks for additional imaging.

After your mammogram, a radiologist reads the images and assigns a BI-RADS category — a standardized score from 0 to 6 that communicates findings and recommends next steps. A score of 1 or 2 means everything looks normal or benign. Higher scores prompt follow-up imaging or biopsy. Getting your mammogram at the same facility each year makes it easier for radiologists to compare images over time and spot subtle changes.

A mammogram is one of the most powerful preventive tools you have. Breast cancer found on a mammogram before it causes symptoms is often smaller and easier to treat than cancer discovered after a lump appears. Studies consistently show that regular screening mammograms reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer.

Many women feel nervous about their first mammogram or worry about discomfort. The compression lasts only a few seconds and, while it can be uncomfortable, it is brief. If you have dense breast tissue, your radiologist may recommend an ultrasound or MRI in addition to your mammogram to get a more complete picture. Knowing what to expect — and why the exam matters — can make it easier to show up for this important appointment.